Exam paper---read the requirement I send you carefully Essay

Test paper - read the necessity I send you cautiously - Essay Example This composing will concentrate on business sectors that are entirely serious in nature. This composing will concentrate on different attributes of completely serious markets and how purchasers and merchants carry on in such markets. The main area of the task will concentrate on the response of dealers to changes sought after for their merchandise and ventures. The second segment of the composing will look into the attributes of a completely serious market with the qualities of New York Stock trade (NYSE). Body According to the law of interest when the interest for an item builds, the cost of the item even lifts and bad habit refrain. Because of these adjustments sought after the negligible income that is being earned by a specific industry even modifies. So as to break down the progressions that associations in a completely serious market understanding because of changes popular for an item, let us expect that the item being sold is bread. Let’s accept that as indicated by re search, eating earthy colored bread helps people in forestalling diabetes. Such disclosures emphatically sway the interest for specific item. Let’s accept that the bread business is a totally serious industry and is right now encountering since quite a while ago run harmony at a cost of $1.7 per portion of bread and the estimation of the financial benefit is comparable to zero. Figure 1 Figure 1 is a delineation of short just as since quite a while ago run change experienced by a firm just as market under immaculate rivalry. The figure shows that if there should be an occurrence of market the cost of a portion of bread is $1.7 when the amount requested for the item is at Q1 and in the event of an association that sells portion of bread the market cost of $1.7 is the organization’s minimal income which is at MR1. The figure shows that as of now there is just a single association in the market. Since the new exploration proposes that there is medical advantage of earthy colored bread, the interest for earthy colored bread expands which is delineated in figure 1 through a move in the interest bend from D1 to D2. Because of this expansion popular, there is an increment in the cost of the item and the cost of the item lifts from p1 ($1.7) to P2 ($2.3) and this prompts an expansion in the peripheral income of a solitary firm working in a market from MR1 to MR2. Because of this expansion in cost, the association even builds its yield from q1 to q2 so as to fulfill customer need in the short run (Douglas, 2011, p.615). Notice that the concealed district speaks to the financial benefit that is experienced by the association in the short run and comparative benefit will be experienced by different firms in the market in the short run. Since the market is totally serious in nature and there are no hindrances to passage or leave, the high stream of financial benefit will pull in more associations to enter the market so they can even win the benefits being of fered by the ongoing increment sought after. New association s will enter the market and this would prompt an expansion in the amount provided by the whole business as an ever increasing number of associations will enter the market, increasingly more gracefully will raise. New participants will keep on entering the market as long as their passageway is bringing about a financial benefit. Figure one delineates a move in the gracefully bend from S1 to S2 which is an impression of more firms entering the market. Because of this expansion in gracefully, the cost of the portion of bread will begin declining in the more drawn out run

Money and Banking Study Guide Chapter 1-5 Free Essays

string(88) a budgetary market wherein protections that have been recently given can be resold. Part 1-Why study Money, Banking and Financial Markets? For what reason are Financial Markets Important? Monetary markets are essential to advancing more noteworthy financial proficiency by directing assets from individuals who don't have a gainful use for them to the individuals who do. Well working monetary markets are a key factor in delivering high financial development, and inadequately performing budgetary markets, the other way around. Money related markets and middle people have the fundamental capacity of getting individuals together by moving assets from the individuals who have an excess of assets to the individuals who have a lack of assets. We will compose a custom paper test on Cash and Banking Study Guide Chapter 1-5 or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now The Importance of Interest Rates On an individual level, high loan fees can prevent you from purchasing a house or a vehicle in light of the fact that the expense of financing would be excessively high. Then again, they could urge you to spare since you acquire more enthusiasm by setting your cash aside in reserve funds. ON an increasingly broad level, financing costs influence the general wellbeing of the economy since they influence consumers’ eagerness to spend as well as businesses’ venture choices. High financing costs for instance may make a partnership defer building another plant that would give more employments. The Importance of Stocks On an individual level the variances in stock costs influence the size of people’s riches and subsequently may influence their ability to spend. On a general level, it influences business venture choices since the cost of offers influences the measure of assets that can be raised by offering recently gave stock to back speculation spending. A more significant expense for a firm’s shares implies that it can raise a bigger measure of assets, which it can use to purchase creation offices and hardware. A more significant expense implies it can raise a bigger measure of assets, which it can use to purchase creation offices and hardware. Job of Financial Intermediaries Financial middle people are establishments that get assets from individuals who have spared and thus make advances to other people. Banks are remembered for this class. They acknowledge stores and make credits. These incorporate business banks, reserve funds and advance affiliations, common investment funds banks and credit associations. Speculation banks are, insurance agencies, common assets and so on are an alternate class. Cash development and Inflation might be attached to proceeding with increments in the development pace of the cash flexibly. Nations with the most noteworthy expansion are those with the most noteworthy cash development rates. Questions: †Quantitative facilitating is finished by the Federal Reserve purchasing more bonds. This is the manner by which they decline the loan fee. Along these lines, since the Federal save said they will keep the financing cost near zero for the following two years, is this not considered QE3? †what number portions of stock are excessively? Can’t an organization boundlessly fund-raise than? Like when does it become an issue regarding possession? When 51% is in the hands of people in general? Are stock benefits considered income for an organization? Section 2-An Overview of the Financial System Indirect Finance versus Direct Finance In direct money borrowers acquire reserves legitimately from loan specialists in budgetary markets by selling them protections that are asserts on the borrower’s future pay or resources. In circuitous account, loan specialist savers give assets to money related delegates, who give assets to borrower and spenders, just as into monetary markets. This money related go-between obtains assets from the banks savers and afterward utilizing these assets make advances to borrower-spenders. This procedure is called budgetary intermediation. It is increasingly practical for them to do this in view of their economies of scale and capacity to modest off exchange costs. Additionally it gives liquidity administrations, and hazard sharing. This procedure of hazard sharing is additionally here and there alluded to as resource change, in light of the fact that it might be said, unsafe resources are transformed into more secure resources for financial specialists. Firm and Individual Ways to Obtain Funds First path is to give an obligation instrument, for example, a security or a home loan. Second is by raising assets through giving values, for example, regular stock. Essential versus Auxiliary Market Essential is the place new issues of a security, for example, a security or sock are offered to starting purchasers by the partnership or government organization obtaining the assets. An auxiliary market is a money related market in which protections that have been recently given can be exchanged. You read Cash and Banking Study Guide Chapter 1-5 in classification Papers A speculation bank aids the underlying offer of protections in the essential market by endorsing the protections: it ensures a cost for a corporation’s protections and afterward offers them to general society. An organization gets new subsidizes just when its protections are first sold in the essential market. Significance of Secondary markets Despite the fact that they don’t straightforwardly increment partnerships stock they in any case serve two significant capacities. (1) they make it simpler and speedier to offer these money related instruments to raise money; that is they make the it progressively fluid. This expanded liquidity at that point makes them progressively attractive and along these lines simpler for giving firm to sell in the essential market. (2), the optional market decides the cost of the security that the giving firm sells in the essential market. The financial specialists purchasing in the essential will pay the enterprise close to the value they figure the auxiliary market will set for the security. Agents versus Vendors Brokers are specialists of speculators who coordinate purchasers with merchants of protections; sellers interface purchasers and dealers by purchasing and selling protections at expressed costs. A seller is an individual who will purchase and sell protections for them. Then again, a dealer is one who will purchase and sell protections for their customers. When managing protections, sellers settle on all choices in regard of buys. Then again, an intermediary will just make buys according to the client’s wishes. While vendors have all the rights and reedom with respect to the purchasing and selling of protections, handles rarely have this opportunity and these rights. Currency Market versus Markets The currency showcase is a monetary market wherein just momentary obligation instruments are exchanged. The capital market is the market wherein longer-term obligation instruments and value instruments are exchanged. Currency markets are typically more generally exchanged so will in general be increasingly fluid. Transient protections are likewise less unstable in costs than long haul protections, making them increasingly more secure speculations. Authentication of Deposit (CD) Is an obligation instrument sold for the most part by business banks that pay yearly enthusiasm of a given sum and at development follows through on back the first buy cost. They are sold in the optional market. Repurchase Agreements (Repos) These are adequately momentary credits as a rule with a development of under about fourteen days, for which treasury charges fill in as security, a benefit that the bank gets if the borrower doesn't repay the advance. An enormous company for instance may have some inactive assets in its financial balance say $1 million that it might want to loan for seven days. Microsoft utilizes this abundance $1mil to purchase Treasury bills from a bank, which consents to repurchase them the following week at a cost marginally above Microsoft’s price tag. The impact is that Microsoft makes an advance of $1 million ot the bank and holds $1 million of the bank’s treasury bills until the bank repurchase the bills to take care of the credit. Administrative Funds and Federal Funds rate These are confounding on the grounds that the bureaucratic supports assignment isn't to be mistaken for advances made by the government. It is somewhat by banks to different banks. One explanation they may acquire from different banks is to meet the sum required by controllers. The government subsidizes rate is a firmly watched indicator of the snugness of credit economic situations in the financial framework. Its the financing cost at which safe foundations effectively exchange adjusts held at the Federal Reserve, called government assets, with one another, normally overnight. At the point when high that implies banks are tied for reserves, when low, banks credit needs are low. Along these lines with a high government subsidizes rate banks require more cash save in their vaults and subsequently can’t issue out credits as consistently. Uneven Information: Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard When one gathering regularly doesn't think enough about the other party to settle on precise choices. For instance a borrower who applies for a new line of credit for the most part has better data about the potential returns and hazard related with the venture ventures for which the assets are reserved than the bank does. Absence of data makes issues on two fronts: before the exchange is gone into and after. Unfavorable Selection The issue made by hilter kilter data before the exchange happens. It happens when the potential borrowers who are the well on the way to deliver a bothersome (unfriendly) result â€the awful credit dangers are the ones who most effectively search out al oan are subsequently destined to be chosen. Moral Hazard The issue made by hilter kilter data after the exchange happens. It is the hazard and peril that the borrower may take part in exercises that are bothersome from the lender’s perspective; since they make it more uncertain that the advance will be taken care of. At the point when you make an advance, it is as a rule by believe that they do what they state they’ll do with the cash. Safe Institutions Commercial banks, Savings and advance Associations, Mutual Savings Banks, Credit Unions. These are budgetary middle people, alluded to as essentially banks in the content, that acknowledge stores from people and establishments and make credits. Frugality Institutions are these less business banks. Business Banks Raise f

Essay About College Life - Tips on How to Write An Essay About College Life

Essay About College Life - Tips on How to Write An Essay About College LifeEssay about college life is one of the toughest subjects to write. It is a way for students to talk about the experiences that they have in college, which are quite similar to their everyday lives. A lot of students tend to think that writing an essay about college life is a hard thing to do but they soon realize that there are ways to simplify this writing process.Students must be conscious of what kind of essay they want to write. There are many different styles and ways to write an essay about college life. All they need to do is to understand the topic they want to discuss before writing the essay. There are many ways to start this essay. Here are some ways to start with:Organize your experiences: Students can organize the events that they have in college life in a chronological order. This will help them to better organize the topics that they want to talk about. The best thing about this is that it helps students to categorize the events so that they can easily locate the memories when they start writing the essay.Organize the past and present: Students can organize the experiences that they have in college life in an organized manner. This will also make it easier for them to recall these events once they start writing the essay. In order to find the right way to organize the past and present, students should be able to research the events that they have had. In fact, they can also use websites that allow them to search for past and present experiences through keywords.Describe the importance of certain experiences: Students can describe the importance of the experiences that they have done in college life. There are lots of students who always forget these important memories because they are too busy with their daily life. What they usually forget is the things that really matters. In order to remember those memories, students should write down the important things that they have done during their college life. They can also use their college experience to help them write about their daily life.Focus on the positives: Some students may think that writing an essay about college life is not a good idea because it will only focus on negative points. They are wrong because it will only focus on the negatives. Students must remember that it is just like any other essay that they have written and that writing is not all about the negative. They can highlight some of the positive things that they have done in their college life.Try to use as much details as possible: Some students tend to skip the details when they write an essay about college life because they think that they can only get the gist of the events from the article. However, this is not true. Students can learn more about a certain event by taking notes about it.These are some of the tips that can help students when they are writing an essay about college life. They need to make sure that they do not take shortcuts in writing this essay because it will make the whole project complicated.

Farm Management - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2057 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Critical essay Level High school Did you like this example? Farm Management Assess the current capacity of ‘Holly Farm and critically evaluate the optional ways of achieving the intended growth in the number of visitors, bearing in mind that capital investment is not available, although self-financing revenue earning ventures can be considered. 1. Introduction This piece examines the case of Holly Farm, and the plan proposed by Gillian Giles to attempt to boost the number of visitors attending the farm. Holly Farm is currently quite a successful example of a farm that has diversified into visitor activities to boost its overall revenue levels. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Farm Management" essay for you Create order However, the farm has now reached a point at which visitor levels are relatively steady, and hence the farm is failing to grow its revenue significantly. This piece will thus investigate the current situation at the farm, including the current visitor numbers and the projected capacity for the farm. This data will then be used to determine the extent to which the farm can try to attract more visitors and the strategies that could be used to achieve this. This analysis will take place assuming that the farm is unable to raise further capital investment, other than through additional services that will also generate revenue. 2. Analysis and current situation Car park capacity Coach spaces 6 Car spaces 40 Average visitors per coach 35 Average visitors per car 3 Daily coach visitor capacity 210 Daily car visitor capacity 120 Total daily capacity 330 Current visitor numbers April May June July August September October Total Visitors 1,200 1800 2800 3200 3400 1800 600 14,800 Days open 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 112 Weekend days open 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 56 Week days open 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 56 Average weekend day visitors 100 150 233 267 283 150 50 176 Average weekday day visitors 50 75 117 133 142 75 25 88 Daily car park capacity 330 330 330 330 330 330 330 330 Weekend utilisation 30.3% 45.5% 70.7% 80.8% 85.9% 45.5% 15.2% 53.4% Weekday utilisation 15.2% 22.7% 35.4% 40.4% 42.9% 22.7% 7.6% 26.7% Daily milking parlour capacity 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 Weekend milking parlour visitors 80 120 187 213 227 120 40 141 Weekday milking parlour visitors 40 60 93 107 113 60 20 70 Weekend utilisation 40.0% 60.0% 93.3% 106.7% 113.3% 60.0% 20.0% 70.5% Weekday utilisation 20.0% 30.0% 46.7% 53.3% 56.7% 30.0% 10.0% 35.2% The analysis of the current situation is based on the following assumptions: On average, each coach visiting the farm will contain 35 visitors, and each car will contain 3 visitors. This is to account for the number of single parent families and families with only one child that may visit the farm. The proportion of visitors by coach and by car are roughly proportional to the respective visitor capacity for coach and car visitors The car and coach spaces cannot be used flexibly, i.e. coaches cannot park in the car spaces and vice versa The milking sheds can support 80 people per hour for a period of two and a half hours, thus they have a daily capacity of 200 The visitors are spread roughly evenly throughout each month 90% of visitors arrive after 12:30pm, and the visitors that arrived before 12:30pm at still there at this time. As such, around 1pm all visitors to the farm are at the farm and hence all need a car park space The analysis indicates that the farm is currently very close to its maximum visitor capacity in July and August, with 80.8% and 85.9% capacity utilisation in the car park on these days. With 80% of visitors going to the milking parlour, the parlour itself is already over capacity on these days, with capacity utilisation levels of 106.7% and 113.3% respectively. It must be assumed therefore that some visitors that would have liked to have visited the milking sheds were unable to do so due to the capacity constraints. 3. Different scenarios Two primary scenarios have been considered. The first is where the farm engages in widespread promotional activity designed to boost overall levels of attendance by 50%. The second is where the farm engages in targeted promotional activity designed to encourage school visits during the week, thus boosting weekday attendance levels by 50%. The analysis for these two scenarios is shown below: 3.1 Boost visitor demand by 50% on all days Projected visitor numbers April May June July August September October Total Visitors 1,800 2,700 4,200 4,800 5,100 2,700 900 22,200 Days open 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 112 Weekend days open 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 56 Week days open 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 56 Average weekend day visitors 150 225 350 400 425 225 75 264 Average weekday day visitors 75 113 175 200 213 113 38 132 Daily car park capacity 330 330 330 330 330 330 330 330 Weekend utilisation 45.5% 68.2% 106.1% 121.2% 128.8% 68.2% 22.7% 80.1% Weekday utilisation 22.7% 34.1% 53.0% 60.6% 64.4% 34.1% 11.4% 40.0% Actual average weekend day visitors 150 225 330 330 330 225 75 238 Actual average weekday day visitors 75 113 175 200 213 113 38 132 Total weekend day visitors 1200 1800 2640 2640 2640 1800 600 13320 Total weekday day visitors 600 900 1400 1600 1700 900 300 7400 Total visitors 1800 2700 4040 4240 4340 2700 900 20720 Daily milking parlour capacity 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 Weekend milking parlour visitors 120 180 264 264 264 180 60 190 Weekday milking parlour visitors 60 90 140 160 170 90 30 106 Weekend utilisation 60.0% 90.0% 132.0% 132.0% 132.0% 90.0% 30.0% 95.1% Weekday utilisation 30.0% 45.0% 70.0% 80.0% 85.0% 45.0% 15.0% 52.9% It should be noted that, for this scenario, as the capacity of the car park is limited to around 330 people per day, some visitors who wish to visit the farm on weekends in July and August will be unable to do so. The farm will thus have maximum average daily weekend visitor numbers during these months of 330. A plan should thus be put in place to manage capacity on these days, and ensure that visitors do not travel a long way only to find there is no space in the car park. 3.2 Boost visitor demand by 50% for weekdays only Projected visitor numbers April May June July August September October Total Average weekend day visitors 100 150 233 267 283 150 50 264 Average weekend day visitors 75 112.5 175 200 212.5 112.5 37.5 132 Weekend days open 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 56 Week days open 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 56 Total weekend day visitors 800 1200 1867 2133 2267 1200 400 9867 Total weekday day visitors 600 900 1400 1600 1700 900 300 7400 Total visitors 1400 2100 3267 3733 3967 2100 700 17267 Daily milking parlour capacity 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 Weekend milking parlour visitors 80 120 187 213 227 120 40 211 Weekday milking parlour visitors 60 90 140 160 170 90 30 106 Weekend utilisation 40.0% 60.0% 93.3% 106.7% 113.3% 60.0% 20.0% 105.7% Weekday utilisation 30.0% 45.0% 70.0% 80.0% 85.0% 45.0% 15.0% 52.9% In this scenario, the capacity of the car park does not represent a critical factor, as the farm will never attract more than 330 visitors per day on average. This will thus help relieve the problems associated with an across the board increase in visitor numbers. 4. Suggestions and validation The results from the first scenario show two main issues with Gillians desire to boost visitor numbers. The first is that boosting levels of demand will cause capacity issues in the car park in the busy months of June, July and August. This will create issues for the farm as it may result in visitors arriving and having to be turned away, which could create a negative image for the farm. In addition to this, boosting the number of visitors during these peak periods will result in the milking sheds becoming very congested with long queues, and potentially large numbers of people unable to visit the sheds. As the carousel appears to be a very important attraction, if people are unable to visit it they may again become unhappy and this could damage the reputation of the farm as well as causing problems for the employees running the attraction (Waters, 1999, p. 85). In terms of the actual impact on visitor numbers, the 50% increase in demand across the board would be expected to boo st visitor numbers by around 40%, from 14,800 to 20,720 per annum. In contrast, the 50% increase during weekdays would boost visitor numbers by around 17%, from 14,800 to 17,267 per annum. As such, the 50% increase across the board would be more beneficial in terms of total numbers, but would also likely cost more to implement, and would not provide a full 50% increase in visitor numbers. In order to achieve this 50% increase, the best option would be to implement both the general marketing scheme to increase overall numbers, and the targeted partnership scheme with schools to boost visitor numbers during the weekdays. This would help achieve the 50% target within the existing capacity constraints. At the same time, the farm will need to carry out targeted analysis of the current levels of car park usage, in order to determine whether it should target more coach groups or more family groups depending on the capacity utilisation of the coach and the car spaces. However, the best way to achieve the goal of a 50% expansion in visitor numbers whilst avoiding the potential issues with capacity and overcrowding the in the milk sheds as discussed above would be to address the constraints the company faces. According to Huefner (2011, p. 40), â€Å"companies of all sizes are limited by any number of constraints: capacity of their plants and other physical structures, distribution channels, rules and regulations, size and education of the workforce, and access to raw materials, to name a few†. As such, addressing and overcoming these constraints is a vital aspect of operations management, and enables companies to improve their profitability without having to invest additional capital. One of the main ways this could be achieved for the farm would be to improve capacity management through car park flexibility. Specifically, the farm should look to arrange the spaces in the car park so that coaches can park across two or three car parking spaces in order to bo ost capacity. This is because two or three cars will bring an average of around nine visitors, but a coach can contain 35 visitors. As such, by allowing some car spaces to be used for coaches, the farm could focus on attracting more coach groups at the weekends, and thus boost the effective capacity of the car park. This will play a vital role in boosting overall capacity, as parking is a critical factor in determining travel destinations (Nurul Habib et al, 2012, p. 154). This would also help the farm profit more by offering discounted entry fees to coach tours, as well as potentially running coaches from larger nearby car parks where other visitors could park and then ride to the farm. Another important tool that could be used to boost revenues and visitor numbers is to engage in superior demand management, through pricing structures. According to Hwang et al (2010, p. 465) the use of pricing for demand management plays a key role in the effective management of demand levels, a nd thus maximises potential revenue levels. In this case, the farm could offer half day visitor structures, whereby people who arrive later, after 4pm, when around 20% of visitors have left, will be offered discounted prices. There could also be discounted prices offered to people who arrive at 11am and stay only for a couple of hours, thus leaving before the large groups arrive. This would help ensure that more visitors can attend during quieter periods. Similarly, setting higher prices at the weekend and lower prices during the week could help ensure that more people came on Friday and Monday, when the farm is quiet, instead of at the weekends when it is busy. These efforts could be combined with revenue management techniques which use differential pricing strategies and capacity allocation tactics to maximise overall revenue levels for the farm, as well as visitor numbers (Deng et al, 2008, p. 737). In addition to this, the farm could boost capacity by opening new attraction n earby such as a go kart course. This would create funds to expand the car park and encourage people to visit both attractions at once. Different tickets could be sold for people who want to go on the go kart in the morning and visit the farm in the afternoon and vice versa, in order to smooth out demand levels across the two attractions. These efforts would improve capacity utilisation in the car park and boost the overall visitor numbers, but efforts will still be needed to address the issue of queuing for the milking shed, and ensuring capacity is smoothed in this area. One of the main ways to achieve this would be for each visitor to the milking shed to come to the shed when they first arrive and book a time slot for their viewing. This would help customers avoid having to queue and reduce customer discontent due to the length of the queue (Xu et al, 2007, p. 971). It would also ensure that customers were not left waiting until the end of the day and then frustrated that the m ilking shed was not open for them to see the milking. This approach would thus help reduce the queues in the milking shed and hence support the increase in visitor numbers for the farm as a whole. References and Bibliography Deng, H. Wang, Q. Leong, G. and Sun, S. (2008) The Usage of Opportunity Cost to Maximize Performance in Revenue Management. Decision Sciences; Nov2008, Vol. 39 Issue 4, p737-758 Huefner, R. (2011) A Guide to Integrating Revenue Management and Capacity Analysis. Management Accounting Quarterly; Autumn2011, Vol. 13 Issue 1, p40-46 Hwang, J. Gao, L. and Jang, W. (2010) Joint demand and capacity management in a restaurant system. European Journal of Operational Research; Nov2010, Vol. 207 Issue 1, p465-472 Nurul Habib, K. Morency, C. and Trà ©panier, M. (2012) Integrating parking behaviour in activity-based travel demand modelling: Investigation of the relationship between parking type choice and activity scheduling process. Transportation Research Part A: Policy Practice; Jan2012, Vol. 46 Issue 1, p154-166 Shim, J. and Siegel, J. (1999) Operations Management. Barrons Educational Series. Waters, D. (1999) Operations Management. Kogan Page Publishers. Xu, S. Long, G. and Jihong, O. (2007) Service Performance Analysis and Improvement for a Ticket Queue with Balking Customers. Management Science; Jun2007, Vol. 53 Issue 6, p971-990

The Role of the Community Reinvestment Act on the 2007...

The Role of the Community Reinvestment Act on the 2007 Housing Bubble Collapse The reality of the worst financial crisis in the last 80 years has led to wide speculation of its causes. While a plethora of theories have been offered, none have been as persistent and as patently false as the assertion that the Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 played a significant role in the housing bubble collapse. Critics of the Community Investment Act (CRA) argue that by pushing banks to meet the credit needs of low-income borrowers, the law forced lending institutions to take on riskier loans that proved to be fiscally irresponsible. The securitization and speculation of these low quality loans led to the housing bubble collapse and the wider†¦show more content†¦The Act dictated that relevant supervisory agencies ensure depository banks fulfill the credit and lending needs in the areas in which they were chartered. The Act goes on to state that all business must continue to be conducte d within sound operating practices. Compliance (or lack thereof) would be taken into account when approving applications for expansion through new charters, mergers and acquisitions. The law makes no attempt to evaluate the performance of any given institution, nor does it establish minimum criteria for granting an individual or business a loan. The CRA does not mandate that an institution take on any particular types of loans, or approve certain applicants. With the obvious incentives of complying with the CRA, local bankers began to tap into markets that would have been considered prior to CRA enforcement in the late 70’s. These lower-income areas proved fiscally viable, and began to draw the attention of financial institutions other than depository banks. These investment banks were involved in speculative investment and resale of mortgages and were not regulated under the terms of the CRA. 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UNIT 4222-264 THE PRINCIPLES OF INFECTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL (ICO1/201) Outcome 1 understand roles and responsibilities in the prevention and control of infections 1.1 Explain employees’ roles and responsibilities in relation to the prevention and control of infection * To ensure that their own health and hygiene does not pose a risk to service users and colleagues. * To ensure effective hand washing is carried out when working with service users, giving personal care, handling/preparing food. * To ensure they use protective clothing provided when needed and appropriate. * Attend relevant courses * Report any hazards that could lead to infection 1.2 Explain employers†¦show more content†¦Employers are ethically bound to do all they can to ensure that employees do not suffer illness, serious injury or death. They are by law required to carry out risk assessments as any accidents and injuries occurred which have not been risk assessed could inflict significant costs on the company. Outcome 5 Understand the importance of using PPE in the prevention and control of infections 5.1 Demonstrate correct use of PPE * Have the responsibility to wear PPE appropriately to avoid contamination as far as possible 5.2 Describe different types of PPE * Gloves - protect hands * Aprons- protect skin and/or clothing * Goggles- protect eyes * Masks and respirators- protect mouth and respiratory tract from airborne infectious agents * Face shields- protect face, mouth, nose and eyes 5.3 explain the reasons for use of PPE * Personal Protective Equipment reduces, but does not completely eliminate the risk of acquiring or spreading an infection. It is important that it is used effectively and correctly. 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Question: Discuss about the Hacking Marketing for Agile Practices. Answer: Introduction The performance of a brand is very critical in the short term and long term growth of an organization. There are many factors that affect the success of a particular brand in the market. Among these factors include the quality of goods and services offered by the organization, it marketing and advertising activities, innovation through research and development. This report seeks to establish reasons why the Lenovo brand is under-performing and make recommendations on how the situation can be reversed. Background of the company Lenovo Group Ltd is a Chinese multinational company that designs and manufactures technological products. The company is headquartered in Beijing and Morrisville in the United States. The company was formed in the year 1984 by a man named Liu Chuanzhi. The products that the company produces include: Smartphone, desktops, servers, notebooks, tablets, printers, TV sets, peripherals, storage devices, scanners among many others. By the end o f the year 2016, the company had approximately 59,700 workers (Weinberg, 2016). The company has been performing well financially and its market share has been increasing rapidly throughout the years. The companys performance in China is also very admirable with the company having a diverse distribution network that helps the company to distribute and market its products effectively. The company has however struggled to establish its brand internationally with low sales volumes reported in countries such as the United States. The level of competition in this industry has also been a major contributor to under-performance of Lenovo as brand Industry and competitor analysis The global technology industry especially the personal computer manufacturing is very competitive. The intense competition in this market is due to the large number of competitors among many other factors. The global PC industry has five main industry players; Apple, Hewlett Packard, Dell, Lenovo and Samsung (Ling, 2006). There are also many other companies in the industry who hold a smaller market share. The industry is innovation driven. Companies operating in this industry put a lot of emphasis on the value of innovation. The companies have heavily invested in research and development to help the companies keeps on introducing new products and improving the existing ones. There is increasing need for more efficient and more sophisticated electronic gadgets and thesis what has driven the industry towards competing more on the basis of innovation. The industry is very large in size. There are many opportunities for growth and expansion in this industry. The global personal computer market has been experiencing continuous growth for the last five years. This trend is expected to continue for the next couple of years. The market is expected to reach approximately US$252.6 billion in 2017 due to increasing innovations. For instance, introduction of new ultra-portable thin laptop is expected to increase growth in this market (Brinker, 2016). The market growth is driven by various environmental factors which are external to the organization. The largest growth is expected in the Asian market where the personal computer and the use of Smartphone is getting very popular. Research and secondary data on the subject The Lenovo brand has been able to live up to its billing after initially hitting the market with a storm. The company has experienced continuous growth in terms of revenues and it has been able to expand into many more markets across the world. Lenovo is the largest supplier of personal computers globally. Its market share for Smartphone business has been low compared to the market leader position held by Samsung and that of Apple. By the year 2014, Lenovo was the second most Smartphone brand, by the year 2017; the companies brand had gone down to No 11. The Lenovo brand dropped when the company bought Motorola Smartphone Company. The Company was owned by Google and was worth $2.90 billion (Brinker, 2016). The intention of acquiring this company was to help expand the market share In the Smartphone market. This was encouraged by Motorola`s technologies which were leading as well as intellectual property rights which it sold to Lenovo. There were high expectations with the new acquisition considering the great success of IBM acquisition in the year 2005, Integration of Motorola into Lenovo although failed to happen as fast and effectively as expected. One of the mistakes that Lenovo made in the regard to sales and distribution channels it used. The market experienced a shift from carrier-led Smartphone sales and to direct and open market sales. Lenovo competitors have taken advantage of other sales methods. The use of these sales methods has affected the sales of the company. For instance, Huawei uses online sales for its major brands in order to deliver a low cost distribution process which helps in reducing costs hence lower prices for their commodities. Another common example is the 200,000 retail stores in China owned by mobile phone manufacturer OPPO. The strategy might be a bit costly but it gives the company an opportunity to interact with its customers and therefore it can establish long term relationships with its clients. This results to customer loyalty. By reduction of Smartphone carriers subsidies in China affected the company so much since Lenovo entirely depended on this technique (Kachru, 2006). Another mistake that resulted in the weakening of the Lenovo brand in China is lack of proper marketing. The company had always depended on the carriers to help in reducing their marketing costs. When the government ordered government run carriers to reduce their, marketing expenses by over 20% within 3 years, the company found itself in a complicated situation (Arun, 2011). The company resulted to other means of marketing which were much more expensive. The cost of marketing was shifted to the consumers and this resulted to increase in prices of the companies` products. Consumers therefore had no option but to substitute to other more affordable Smartphone brands. The brand of the company continues to become weaker because of the lack of product differentiation. The company has not been able to keep up with the pace of growth and innovation in the industry because it has not been able to put in place proper strategies that will encourage innovation and product development in the com pany. Most of its competitors in the Smartphone market have been keen in improving and adding key features in its products. An example is Samsung which has been very consistent in its product differentiation and improvement strategy. Samsung introduced the curved screen displays which was a market first while Apple introduced larger screened Smartphone. The lack of innovation in the company has therefore been its undoing for the company. Another factor that has led to the decline of the Lenovo brand is due to the changing economic environment of the countries it is operating in. Many countries in the world in which Lenovo enjoys a substantial market share have been experiencing tough economic moments (Kachru, 2006.) This has been driven by factors such as increase in factors of production. Economic growth drives industrial growth and economic recession results to decline of factories in a country. Increase in labor cost in many countries in Asia has affected the performance of many countries and the companies in these countries have not been spared. The increases in costs have therefore resulted to increase in prices of products which lead to low sales volumes by the company. Conclusion Lenovo has to act very fast in order to save its declining brand from falling. The company has to implement the following strategies in order to improve its financial performance and improve its brand both in China and globally. The first step that Lenovo should take to salvage its brand and improve its market share in the Smartphone business is that it should focus more on the research and development function of the business. This is due to the fact that the technology industry is driven by innovation and invention. Lenovo should encourage its engineers and other staff working in the product development section to help the company come up with more products on a regular business. Increased levels of innovation will mean that the company will generate more sales from its products. Consumers of technology products are driven by uniqueness of products of a company in order to buy the companys products (Ferrell, 2011). This has been the secret of Apples and Samsung continued market growth and expansion. Therefore, through product differentiation and innovation, Lenovo will be able to make its brand more appealing to customers globally. The company should also make adjustments it sales and distribution channels. This will help reduce the cost of distribution and improve sale of the companys products. Lenovo should be employ distribution techniques that are cheap and easy to reach the customers. The distribution channels used by the company should be able to establish direct contact with customers in order to help create customer and brand loyalty. Recommendation Improve and focus more on research and development to develop new products and improve existing ones Change the product distribution channels and adopt a cheaper method which is less costly More aggressive marketing and advertising to increase the customer base for the company Adoptions of product differentiation strategies that will help the company increase its product line. References Ferrell, O. C., Hartline, M. D. (2011). Marketing strategy. Australia, South-Western Cengage Learning. Kachru, U. (2005). Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases. New Delhi, Excel Books. Lamb, C. W., Hair, J. F., Mcdaniel, C. D. (2009). Essentials of marketing. Mason, Ohio, South-Western. Arun Kumar, Meenakshi, N. (2011). Marketing management. Noida, Vikas Publishing House. Brinker, S. (2016). Hacking marketing: agile practices to make marketing smarter, faster, and more innovative. Weinberg, T. (2009). The New Community Rules: Marketing on the Social Web. Sebastopol, O'Reilly Media, Inc. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=536620. Ling, Z. (2006). The Lenovo affair: the growth of China's computer giant and its takeover of IBM-PC. Singapore, Wiley. Liu, D. M. (2010). Case studies on successful M A practices in Acer Lenovo: a dynamic capabilities perspective.